Abstract
Liriomyza is a large genus that includes polyphagous and invasive species (L. trifolii, L. sativae, and L. huidobrensis), and oligophagous species such as L. Chinensis in China. Effective control of these invasive and oligophagous species is not easy due to the fast invasion rate, interspecific competition, and pesticide resistance. In this study, we investigated population genetics of five Liriomyza species L. trifolii, L. sativae, L. huidobrensis, L. bryoniae, and L. chinensis based on COI and EF-1a genes, and microsatellite DNA. These five Liriomyza species revealed highly conservative characteristics in the COI gene among populations collected from different geographical regions and host plants. By contrast, the mutation rate of the EF-1a gene was higher than COI, and phylogenetic tree based on EF-1a showed that haplotypes of L. trifolii and L. sativae were not distinguished well. Genetic differentiation in microsatellite loci was obvious among the five species. Our results also indicated that geographic isolation had a greater impact on genetic differentiation in L. trifolii than the host plant. Populations of L. trifolii in China showed a high to moderate level of genetic differentiation and they had divided into two groups representing the coastal areas of southern China and northern regions. The genetic diversity of the southern group was higher than the northern group. We speculated that the invasion of L. trifolii likely occurred in southern regions of China and then spread northward. Bottleneck analyses revealed that the L. trifolii population in China was in a steady growth period.
Highlights
Liriomyza is one of the largest genera belonging to the subfamily Phytomyzidae, family Agromyzidae, and order Diptera, consisting 330 described species[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]
Population genetics in many pests were studied to find out their invasion and transmission routes[14,15,19,20,21,22,23]
The phylogenetic tree, pairwise FST, and STRUCTURE analysis indicated that the degree of differentiation and direction of nuclear and mitochondrial genes were not completely consistent
Summary
Liriomyza is one of the largest genera belonging to the subfamily Phytomyzidae, family Agromyzidae, and order Diptera, consisting 330 described species[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. To determine population genetic structure and migration patterns in L. sativae, several research groups analyzed different populations in China using fragments of ITS1 and β-tubulin genes and microsatellites[14,19,20]. Microsatellites marker is a highly polymorphic co-dominant molecular marker with many characteristics, such as low requirements for DNA quality, good repeatability, simple detection methods, etc., and it has been well applied in studies on population genetic structure, genetic relationship identification, genetic map construction and gene mapping to explore the population genetics, molecular systematics and ecology[15,22]. We investigated intraspecies genetic differentiation in L. trifolii and interspecies variations among five species in Liriomyza in order to understanding better the species diversity during the geographic isolation and population expansion. Population genetics differentiations of Liriomyza from different regions of China and host plants were evaluated using COI, EF-1a and microsatellite polymorphisms
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