Popular Will against Democracy: Populist Autocratization in Turkey

Abstract

In this article, I study the relationship of the Justice and Development Party’s (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi, AKP) populism-in-power and democracy, from a comparative and historical perspective, and based on a critical engagement with the populism literature. I begin by highlighting the political institutional expression of the populist political vision (to reflect the popular will in power), which prioritizes competitive elections among a variety of modern democratic institutions and mechanisms. Based on this perspective, I outline a particular populist route to competitive (or electoral) authoritarianism: when in power, because populists exalt elections and undermine existing liberal democratic mechanisms that bridge people to power, they deprive citizens of the power to hold rulers accountable. I then trace the lineage of the populist political imagination in Turkey, demonstrating the continuities and discontinuities between the Democrat Party’s (Demokrat Parti, DP) and the AKP’s conceptions of the people and democracy. I argue that despite these parties’ differences on the level of the politicization of cultural divisions, there is a crucial continuity: the equalization of democracy with an exalted elected executive branch. Finally, I concentrate on the impact of the AKP’s populism-in-power on the Turkish political regime. I argue that because the AKP came to power in a defective democracy (with extra-democratic checks on the elected rulers and prone to the concentration of power), by 2011, the party managed to reframe Turkish political institutions according to their right-wing populist vision of democracy, an authoritarian regime with competitive elections.