Abstract
How does a nongovernmental organization (NGO) influence governments to adopt international laws and procedures limiting state power? Treaty law is created by governments through diplomatic negotiations and multilateral conferences largely free of popular electoral politics and interest group pressure. Within countries governed by the rule of law, citizens influence domestic lawmaking by electing legislators and by privately supporting lobbies or interest groups.1 Interest groups in the United States participate in what political scientists have variously termed sub-governments or iron triangles.2 In most policy areas, three players collaborate in shaping the laws: (1) congressional subcommittees; (2) executive department specialists; and (3) lobbyists representing affected individuals or organizations. In the absence of international political parties and contested elections giving voice to popular concerns, nongovernmental organizations serve an even more vital democratic function in world politics than interest groups perform at the national level.3
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