Abstract
Along with its rapid urban development, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) in recent years has suffered a high concentration of air pollutants, especially fine particulate matters or PM2.5. A comprehensive study is required to evaluate the air quality conditions and their health impact in this city. Given the lack of adequate air quality monitoring data over a large area of the size of HCMC, an air quality modeling methodology is adopted to address the requirement. Here, by utilizing a corresponding emission inventory in combination with The Air Pollution Model-Chemical Transport Model (TAPM-CTM), the predicted concentration of air pollutants is first obtained for PM2.5, NOx, and SO2. Then by associating the pollutants exposed with the mortality rate from three causes, namely Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer, the impact of air pollution on human health is obtained for this purpose. Spatial distribution has shown a high amount of pollutants concentrated in the central city with a high density of combustion vehicles (motorcycles and automobiles). In addition, a significant amount of emissions can be observed from stevedoring and harbor activities, including ferries and cargo handling equipment located along the river. Other sources such as household activities also contribute to an even distribution of emission across the city. The results of air quality modeling showed that the annual average concentrations of NO2 were higher than the standard of Vietnam National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05: 2013 40 µg/m3) and World Health Organization (WHO) (40 µg/m3). The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 were 23 µg/m3 and were also much higher than the WHO (10 µg/m3) standard by about 2.3 times. In terms of public health impacts, PM2.5 was found to be responsible for about 1136 deaths, while the number of mortalities from exposure to NO2 and SO2 was 172 and 89 deaths, respectively. These figures demand some stringent measures from the authorities to potentially remedy the alarming situation of air pollution in HCM City.
Highlights
Air pollution is a big concern in many metropoles due to its adverse effect directly on human health
∆Y = Y0 1 − e−β∆PM × Pop where Y0 is the death rate baseline in the study area (%); β—the effect estimate calculated by relative risk relating to the specific change in pollutant concentration and can be found in the cohort studies; ∆PM—the air quality change in pollutant concentration; and Pop—the exposed population in the study area. This study presents these parameter as a map layer, including: the pollutant concentration data which is the output of Chemical Transport Model (CTM) model for yearly-average of PM2.5, NO2 and SO2 at cell resolution; the number of exposed people collected from the Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) Statistic Office for the year of 2017; the relative risk (RR) coefficients for each parameter are obtained from the report of Health Effects Institute by Daniel Krewski and colleagues (Table 3) [33]; and the death rate baseline is from Vietnamese A6 mortality reporting system (A6 system)
As the current work aimed to investigate the health impact of PM 2.5 in HCMC, here all prepared data used for impact assessment were presented as the maps of air pollution, health baseline incidence rate, and the exposed population
Summary
Air pollution is a big concern in many metropoles due to its adverse effect directly on human health. Many large cities around the world have been facing air pollution problems since combustion engine transportation remains one of the major contributors. The proportion of this source of the total air emission from London UK was 50% (for NOx and PM) [1], more than. Accounted for more than 90% emissions of NOx and CO, while the contribution to SO2 and the Total. Suspended Particles (TSP) was 78% and 46%, respectively [4]. This is a consequence of overusing private vehicles for transportation as per statistics in 2018. While the total population of the city was 8.8 million, the number of registered vehicles was 8,658,087, including 762,581 automobiles and
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
