Abstract
Surface storage (pools, pockets, and stagnant areas caused by woody debris, bars etc) is very important to solute transport in streams as it attenuates the peak of a spill but releases the solute back to the stream over a long time. The latter results in long exposure time of biota. Pools as fundamental stream morphology unit are commonly found in streams with mixed bed materials in pool-riffle or pool-step sequences. Fitting the transient storage model (TSM) to stream tracer test data may be problematic when pools present. A fully hydrodynamic 2-D, depth averaged advection-dispersion solute transport numerical simulation study on hypothetical stream with pool reveals that a pool can sharply enhance longitudinal spreading, cause a lag in the plume travel-time and radically increase solute residence time in the stream. These effects fade like a “wake” as the solute plume moves downstream of the pool. Further, these effects are strongly influenced by a dimensionless number derived from the 2-D transport equation ? or , which outlines the relative transverse mixing intensity of a stream or river, where, of the stream reach concerned, W is the flow width, Q0 is the volumetric flow rate, q is the longitudinal flux density, and Dt is the transverse turbulent diffusion coefficient. The breakthrough curves (BTCs) downstream of a pool may be “heavy tailed” which cannot be modeled accurately by the TSM. The internal transport and mixing condition (including the secondary circulations) in a pool together with the pool’s dimension determine the pool’s storage effects especially when >> 1. Results also suggest that the falling limb of a BTC more accurately characterizes the pool's storage because the corresponding solute has more chance to sample the entire storage area.
Highlights
River and stream pollution is a serious global problem
Surface storage is very important to solute transport in streams as it attenuates the peak of a spill but releases the solute back to the stream over a long time
The occurrence of pharmaceutically active chemicals (PACs) in the natural aquatic environment is recognized as an emerging issue due to the potential adverse effects these compounds pose to aquatic life and humans
Summary
River and stream pollution is a serious global problem. It threatens the health and well being of humans, plants and animals.Generally, pollutants are introduced into rivers and stream via point sources and non-point sources. River and stream pollution is a serious global problem. It threatens the health and well being of humans, plants and animals. Pollutants are introduced into rivers and stream via point sources and non-point sources. The former includes either various accidental spills, or deliberate discharge of the effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) [1]. The latter refers to surface runoff which is recognized as a major source of pollutants to rivers and streams. The study of the fate of these human and veterinary pharmaceuticals ( called pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)) has become an active investigation area [2,3], and the task as well as reducing the risk of various spills and mitigating the pollution cannot be done well without a good understanding of solute transport in streams
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