Abstract
Biogenic synthesis for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) leverages natural extracts, offering an eco-friendly and biocompatible alternative to traditional chemical methods. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L. (PG)) extract, rich in phytochemicals, presents a valuable resource for this green synthesis approach. The primary objective is to harness the natural phytochemicals in PG extract to create stable, biocompatible AgNPs through a green synthesis method. Our study aims to explore the synthesis and characterization of AgNPs derived from PG using eco-friendly methods. In addition, this study investigates the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties of PG-AgNPs. The preparation of PG followed by the reduction of AgNO3 to PG-AgNPs, with subsequent characterization using UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These techniques confirmed the successful synthesis of AgNPs with desirable size, shape, and stability. Further, antimicrobial properties, antioxidants, cytotoxicity assay, and ADME prediction were also assessed. The PG-AgNPs revealed no signs of aggregates, suggesting they could maintain their original shape. In addition, XRD analysis indicates that PG-AgNPs are highly pure. The zeta potentials of the biosynthesized PG-AgNPs were −17.8 ± 6.57 mV. AgNPs exhibited FTIR peaks associated with silanols, carboxylates, phosphonates, and siloxanes. The PG-AgNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with higher efficacy than PG extract alone. Additionally, PG-AgNPs demonstrated significant antioxidant activity comparable to or exceeding that of ascorbic acid. The AgNPs effectively inhibited the growth of liver (HepG2), breast (MDA-MB-231), and cervical (HeLa) cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner while showing no toxicity to normal human cells (WI-38). The study concludes that biogenically synthesized PG-AgNPs possess potent anticancer and antimicrobial properties, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents. The green synthesis method underscores the advantages of eco-friendly approaches in developing effective nanomaterials, paving the way for novel treatments in cancer therapy and combating antibiotic-resistant infections.
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