Abstract
In this study, one particular application of in situ pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and polytetrafluoroethylene membrane-based liquid three-phase micro extraction is presented for the micro extraction and quantification of cadmium(II) ions in trace levels. The main factors influencing on preconcentration and micro extraction of cadmium ions such as organic solvent, aqueous feed solution pH and acceptor phases, complexing agent concentration, time of extraction and stirring were examined and discussed in details. The design voltammetric cell was made of three microelectrodes inserted into an extraction cell, containing acceptor solution and then the voltammetric analysis was performed in situ during the extraction time. The enrichment factor and the relative standard deviation, under the optimized conditions, were 15 and 1.7% (n = 5), respectively. The obtained calibration curve was in the range of 1.0-250 nmol L-1 CdIIwith a regression coefficient of 0.9980. The limit of detection was found 0.1 nmol L–1. Due to the high total effective area of the gold nanoparticles and the low analyte concentration, the anodic stripping voltammetric method relies exclusively on the underpotential deposition and stripping process of CdIIon gold, with little hydrogen evolution during deposition at -0.40 V and no gassing at the stripping peak near 0.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The good selectivity for the underpotential deposition/ stripping method is one of advantages of the proposed method. The efficiency of the method for determination of cadmium(II) for real samples was checked using fish and rice samples.
Highlights
Cadmium(II) is known as a toxic metal ion, due to the site and type of exposure
Cadmium ion was extracted from the donor phase into an organic solvent and it was back extracted into a smaller volume of an aqueous receiving phase
The reaction of PAN with cadmium(II) at selected pH is relatively selective so that many commonly associated ions could not interfere, this complexation reaction could be used to the solvent extraction
Summary
Cadmium(II) is known as a toxic metal ion, due to the site and type of exposure. It causes different damages and defects in lungs, kidneys and bones.[1] Cadmium, with its high half-life time from 10 to 33 years, can accumulate in liver and kidneys. The impermanent permissible intake of cadmium, based on the recommendation of world health organization, should not exceed 0.4 to 0.5 mg per week or 0.057 to 0.071 mg per day.[2] The mechanisms toxicity of CdII can be explained as tissue injury by producing oxidative stress, epigenetically changes in DNA expression and inhalation or up regulation transport pathways, especially in the proximal of the kidney tubule.[3] determination of cadmium ions at trace levels is very important.
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