Polysaccharides of Sporoderm-Broken Spore of Ganoderma lucidum Modulate Adaptive Immune Function via Gut Microbiota Regulation.

Lu Su,Jiyan Su,Guoxin Huang,Ting Luo,Shaodan Chen,Muxia Li,Chaoqun Zheng,Enqi Zhang,Dan Li,Yizhen Xie,Xiaohong Chen,Shanshan Li,Jing Hua Wang

doi:10.1155/2021/8842062

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.Fr.) Karst is one of the well-known medicinal macrofungi all over the world, and mounting researches have focused on the polysaccharides derived from the spores of G. lucidum. In the present study, BALB/c mice (n = 8–10) were administered with crude polysaccharides of G. lucidum spores (CPGS) and the refined polysaccharides of G. lucidum spores (RPGS) for 30 days to investigate their effect on the adaptive immune system. Results showed that CPGS and RPGS displayed diverse effects on the lymphocyte activity in the spleen. The splenocyte proliferation activity upon mitogen was suppressed by CPGS and RPGS, while the NK cell's tumor-killing ability was promoted by CPGS. Both CPGS and RPGS could increase the proportion of naïve T cells in thymus, but only RPGS significantly uplifted the percentage of T cells, as well as the T cell subsets, in peripheral blood, and promoted the activation by upregulating the expression of costimulatory factor CD28. Moreover, 16S sequencing results showed that the effects of CPGS and RPGS were closely related to the regulation of gut microbiota. β-diversity of the microbiome was evidently changed by CPGS and RPGS. The phytoestrogen/polysaccharide-metabolizing bacteria (Adlercreutzia, Parabacteroides, and Prevotella), and an unclassified Desulfovibrionaceae, were remarkably enriched by CPGS or RPGS, and functions involving carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transport, and lipid metabolism were regulated. Moreover, the enrichments of Adlercreutzia, Prevotella, and Desulfovibrionaceae were positively related to the immune regulation by CPGS and RPGS, while that of Parabacteroides displayed a negative correlation. These findings suggested a promising effect of the polysaccharide from sporoderm-broken spore of G. lucidum in immune regulation to promote health control.

Highlights

Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.Fr.) Karst belongs to the family of Basidiomycete, Polyporaceae of Ganoderma
Given that gut microbiota has been recognized as a pivotal assistant in chemotherapy and immunotherapy, we investigated its possible involvement in the activities of CPGS and RPGS in this part
Enrichments of Adlercreutzia, Prevotella, and the unclassified Desulfovibrionaceae were positively related to the immune regulation by CPGS and RPGS, including the percentage of T cell and the subsets, as well as their activation; while those of Parabacteroides displayed a negative correlation

Summary

Introduction

Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.Fr.) Karst belongs to the family of Basidiomycete, Polyporaceae of Ganoderma. E bioactive substances of G. lucidum spores include polysaccharides, triterpenoids, peptides, amino acids, fatty acids, and trace elements, which are responsible for the anti-inflammation and antitumor activities [5, 6]. Gut microbiota is a unique and diverse ecosystem known as the “forgotten organ” of the host [7]. Gut microbiota plays an important role in host health maintenance and disease pathogenesis. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been associated with inappropriate inflammatory responses and risk for disease [12]. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from the gut microbiota would activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway [13]. Erefore, gut microbiota plays an important role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis [14, 15] Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from the gut microbiota would activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway [13]. erefore, gut microbiota plays an important role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis [14, 15]

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Results

Conclusion