Abstract
Nanotechnology is a dynamically developing field of science, due to the unique physical, chemical and biological properties of nanomaterials. Innovative structures using nanotechnology have found application in diverse fields: in agricultural and food industries, where they improve the quality and safety of food; in medical and biological sciences; cosmetology; and many other areas of our lives. In this article, a particular attention is focused on carbon nanomaterials, especially graphene, as well as carbon nanotubes and carbon quantum dots that have been successfully used in biotechnology, biomedicine and broadly defined environmental applications. Some properties of carbon nanomaterials prevent their direct use. One example is the difficulty in synthesizing graphene-based materials resulting from the tendency of graphene to aggregate. This results in a limitation of their use in certain fields. Therefore, in order to achieve a wider use and better availability of nanoparticles, they are introduced into matrices, most often polysaccharides with a high hydrophilicity. Such composites can compete with synthetic polymers. For this purpose, the carbon-based nanoparticles in polysaccharides matrices were characterized. The paper presents the progress of ground-breaking research in the field of designing innovative carbon-based nanomaterials, and applications of nanotechnology in diverse fields that are currently being developed is of high interest and shows great innovative potential.
Highlights
One of the most promising and dynamically developing fields of science is nanotechnology
Due to its much simpler production process compared to graphene, it is a good compromise between graphene oxide and graphene itself and is a form often used in the industry [27]
The last few years have seen an explosion in the use of nanotechnology in many areas of science and industry: from electronics to biotechnology
Summary
One of the most promising and dynamically developing fields of science is nanotechnology. Zero-dimensional structures are spherical nanoparticles in which all three dimensions are on the order of a few to tens of nanometers These types of nanostructures include colloidal nanoparticles, quantum dots and fullerenes. The incorporation of a nano-additive into a polysaccharide matrix is intended to improve the mechanical, thermal, optical, surface or biological properties of the composite They have found wide application in various fields: medicine, pharmacology, tissue engineering, optoelectronics, microelectronics, as well as in biological systems and as antimicrobial agents. Most natural polysaccharides (e.g., chitosan, starch, The productioanlgionfatne)ecwontvaianrhieytdireosphoilficcgarrobuopsn(‐hbyadsreoxdyln, caanrboomxyal,taemriianlos), wthheichssthuodwyboiofadthhee-ir properties, and thesiriosnutobbsieoqlougeicnaltsfturunctcutrieosn(eapliitzhaetliiao, nmuacroeuismmpemobrrtaannets)t.aNsaknsoopafrnticalnesoftoermchednofrloomgy bioadhesive polysaccharides may prove useful as carriers of drugs, extending their persisand materials enginteeneceriinnga.pCaratircbuloanr ennvainroonpmaernttic[1l9e,s20a].rCeomnsoidsetricnogmthamt tohne ltyypue soef dmaatsrixnaafnfeoctfsilthleers in composite materpiraolpse,rtaiesstahnidsrecaocmtivbityinoaftniaonnoccoamnpossiigtens,itfhiceapnoltylysacicnhcariedaesemtohsteciormfmunoncltyiounseadltioty. CWhaeracctaernizeddibsytindigffueriesnht pbheytswicaelepnropseirntigelse‐ walled nanotubes, acnodndsiifsfetrienngt cohfemaicsailnagcltieviltaieys.eGr roafphgernaepishaensineg, laenladyemr ouf lgtria‐pwhaitlel,eodnenaatonmotthuibcke,s, in which the carbon molecules form a hexagonal arrangement It is a structural element made up of severalocfoonthceerncatrrbiconalmlyatceorinalns,eincctleuddinngannaontoutubbeess.aFnudlfluelrleerneneess,. C[1o,n3s,e6q,u7e,n2t3ly–, t2h6is].has implications for the high strength of carbon nanostructures and their conductive properties [1,3,6,7,23–26]
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