Abstract
There is an increased interest in plum research because of their metabolites’ potential bioactivities. In this study, the phenolic profiles of Prunus domestica commercial cultivars (Methley, Pisardii and Satsuma) in Costa Rica were determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry using a quadrupole-time-of-flight analyzer (UPLC-ESI-QTOF MS) on enriched phenolic extracts obtained through Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) under acidic and neutral extraction conditions. In total, 41 different phenolic compounds were identified in the skin and flesh extracts, comprising 11 flavan-3-ols, 14 flavonoids and 16 hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives. Neutral extractions for the skins and flesh from all of the cultivars yielded a larger number of compounds, and were particularly rich in the number of procyanidin trimers and tetramers when compared to the acid extractions. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant potential using the DPPH and ORAC methods exhibited better results for neutral extracts with Satsuma skins and Methley flesh, which showed the best values (685.0 and 801.6 mg GAE/g extract; IC50 = 4.85 and 4.39 µg/mL; and 12.55 and 12.22 mmol TE/g extract, respectively). A Two-Way ANOVA for cytotoxicity towards AGS gastric adenocarcinoma and SW620 colon adenocarcinoma indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) for PLE conditions, with better results for neutral extractions, with Satsuma skin delivering the best results (IC50 = 60.7 and 46.7 µg/mL respectively) along with Methley flesh (IC50 = 76.3 and 60.9 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between TPC and ORAC (r = 0.929, p < 0.05), as well as a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between TPC and cytotoxicity towards AGS and SW620 cell lines (r = −0.776, and −0.751, respectively). A particularly high, significant, negative correlation (p < 0.05) was found between the number of procyanidins and cytotoxicity against the AGS (r = −0.868) and SW620 (r = −0.855) cell lines. Finally, the PCA clearly corroborated that neutral extracts are a more homogenous group exhibiting higher antioxidant and cytotoxic results regardless of the part or cultivar; therefore, our findings suggest that PLE extracts under neutral conditions would be of interest for further studies on their potential health benefits.
Highlights
The bioactive properties of polyphenols have generated much interest in recent years, increasing the consumption of drinks and foods rich in these compounds, and generating greater attention for their research
The results indicated that neutral Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) extractions showed higher total phenolic content (TPC) content than PLE acid extractions for all of the samples
This paper reports valuable information on the profile of the phenolic-enriched extracts of the main commercial cultivars of P. domestica in Costa Rica, using UPLC-ESI-QTOF MS techniques, showing a total of 306 compounds characterized in the twelve extracts obtained under acidic and neutral PLE conditions for the skins and flesh of the Methley, Pisardii and Satsuma cultivars
Summary
The bioactive properties of polyphenols have generated much interest in recent years, increasing the consumption of drinks and foods rich in these compounds, and generating greater attention for their research. Polyphenols offer protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen radical species, UV light, and pathogens, and reduce the risk of chronic and degenerative diseases, cardiovascular problems, and cancer [3]. These outstanding properties are still in intense study due to new evidence suggesting that their radical scavenging activities are involved in their metabolic modulation properties in vivo [4]. Plums are fruits rich in polyphenols such as proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and coumarins, and in some countries these fruits—which exhibit a great diversity in shape, size, appearance and taste—are used as medicinal products [5,6]. The global annual production of plums is approximately 11,000,000 tons, and they are marketed worldwide, with the highest demand in Europe, North America and Japan [7]
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