Abstract
The phenolic composition of skin and flesh from Malus domestica apples (Anna cultivar) and Prunus domestica plums (satsuma cultivar) commercial cultivars in Costa Rica, was studied using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) on enriched-phenolic extracts, with particular emphasis in proanthocyanidin and flavonoids characterization. A total of 52 compounds were identified, including 21 proanthocyanidins ([(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin]) flavan-3-ols monomers, five procyanidin B-type dimers and two procyanidin A-type dimers, five procyanidin B-type trimers and two procyanidin A-type trimers, as well as one procyanidin B-type tetramer, two procyanidin B-type pentamers, and two flavan-3-ol gallates); 15 flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin and naringenin derivatives); nine phenolic acids (protochatechuic, caffeoylquinic, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives); five hydroxychalcones (phloretin and 3-hydroxyphloretin derivatives); and two isoprenoid glycosides (vomifoliol derivatives). These findings constitute the first report of such a high number and diversity of compounds in skins of one single plum cultivar and of the presence of proanthocyanidin pentamers in apple skins. Also, it is the first time that such a large number of glycosylated flavonoids and proanthocyanidins are reported in skins and flesh of a single plum cultivar. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC) was measured with high values observed for all samples, especially for fruits skins with a TPC of 619.6 and 640.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract respectively for apple and plum. Antioxidant potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods were evaluated, with results showing also high values for all samples, especially again for fruit skins with IC50 of 4.54 and 5.19 µg/mL (DPPH) and 16.8 and 14.6 mmol TE/g (ORAC) respectively for apple and plum, indicating the potential value of these extracts. Significant negative correlation was found for both apple and plum samples between TPC and DPPH antioxidant values, especially for plum fruits (R = −0.981, p < 0.05) as well as significant positive correlation between TPC and ORAC, also especially for plum fruits (R = 0.993, p < 0.05) and between both, DPPH and ORAC antioxidant methods (R = 0.994, p < 0.05).
Highlights
Polyphenols effects on health are based on results obtained from bioactivity studies, which in turn, has increased the interest in the consumption of foods and beverages rich in polyphenols as well as the importance of related scientific research
The objective of the present work was to obtain enriched polyphenolic extracts of fruits from M. domestica and P. domestica commercial cultivars in Costa Rica, and to characterize them through Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS), with particular emphasis in flavonoids and proanthocyanidins
Techniques, shows 52 compounds characterized, distributed as 21 proanthocyanidins, including procyanidin A-type and B-type dimers and trimers, B-type tetramer and pentamers, flavan-3-ol monomers and gallates; 15 flavonoids, including kaempferol, quercetin and naringenin derivatives, and eight phenolic acid derivatives in both fruits; as well as chalcones and isoprenoid glycosides in Anna apples. These findings constitute the first report of such a high number and diversity of compounds in skins of one single plum cultivar and of the presence of proanthocyanidin pentamers in apple skins
Summary
Polyphenols effects on health are based on results obtained from bioactivity studies, which in turn, has increased the interest in the consumption of foods and beverages rich in polyphenols as well as the importance of related scientific research. Such bioactive effects include antioxidant properties, prevention of oxidative stress associated diseases like cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer [1] and their role in long-term health protection by reducing the risk of chronic and degenerative diseases [2]. Similar properties have been described for plum [5,6] and some of these effects were attributed at least partially to its polyphenolic contents
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