Polyphenol-rich extract induces apoptosis with immunogenic markers in melanoma cells through the ER stress-associated kinase PERK

Abstract

Polyphenols elicit antitumor activities, in part, through the induction of anti- or pro-oxidant effects in cancer cells which promote priming of protective anti-tumor immunity. We recently characterized a polyphenol-rich extract from Caesalpinia spinosa (P2Et) that stimulates in vivo antitumor responses against breast and melanoma tumor models via the promotion of immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD). However, the primary mediators whereby P2Et promotes ICD remained unknown. Here, we sought to elucidate the role that severe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays in mediating P2Et-induced apoptosis and ICD in murine melanoma cells. Our findings demonstrate a substantial selective induction of specific ER-stress mediators in B16-F10 melanoma cells treated with P2Et. While knockout of the ER stress-associated PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) prevented induction of apoptosis and expression of ICD markers in P2Et-treated cells, deletion of X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) did not. P2Et-driven activation of PERK in melanoma cells was found to promote ER-calcium release, disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential, and trigger upregulation of ICD drivers, surface calreticulin expression, and extracellular release of ATP and HMGB1. Notably, calcium release inhibition, but not targeting of PERK-driven integrated stress responses, prevented P2Et-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results underline the central role of PERK-directed calcium release in mediating the antitumor and immunogenic actions of P2Et in melanoma cells.