Abstract

BackgroundPattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are censoring receptors for molecules derived from bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The PRR system is a prerequisite for proper responses to pathogens, for example by cytokine production, resulting in pathogen eradication. Many cases of polymorphisms in PRR genes affecting the immune response and disease susceptibility are known in humans and mice.MethodsWe surveyed polymorphisms in pig genes encoding PRRs and investigated the relationship between some of the detected polymorphisms and molecular function or disease onset.ResultsNonsynonymous polymorphisms abounded in pig TLR genes, particularly in the region corresponding to the ectodomains of TLRs expressed on the cell surface. Intracellular TLRs such as TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8, and other intracellular PRRs, such as the peptidoglycan receptor NOD2 and viral RNA receptors RIG-I and MDA5, also possessed nonsynonymous polymorphisms. Several of the polymorphisms influenced molecular functions such as ligand recognition. Polymorphisms in the PRR genes may be related to disease susceptibility in pigs: pigs with a particular allele of TLR2 showed an increased tendency to contract pneumonia.ConclusionsWe propose the possibility of pig breeding aimed at disease resistance by the selection of PRR gene alleles that affect pathogen recognition.

Highlights

  • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are censoring receptors for molecules derived from bacteria, viruses, and fungi

  • We propose the possibility of pig breeding aimed at disease resistance by the selection of PRR gene alleles that affect pathogen recognition

  • Distribution of polymorphisms in pig PRRs We searched for polymorphisms in the coding sequences (CDSs) of TLRs (TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8), RIG-I-like helicases (DDX58 encoding RIG-I and IFIH1 encoding MDA5), and a NOD-like receptor (NOD2)

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Summary

Introduction

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are censoring receptors for molecules derived from bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Many cases of polymorphisms in PRR genes affecting the immune response and disease susceptibility are known in humans and mice. As part of the innate immune system, both vertebrates and invertebrates possess pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which respond to various kinds of molecules that characterize pathogens. Many studies have shown that some of the polymorphisms in PRR genes influence the immune response and disease susceptibility [2]. This suggests correlations between the immune response and PRR polymorphisms in pigs [3]. The results of our preliminary study of the relationship between TLR2 polymorphism and the onset of pneumonia imply that PRR polymorphisms affect disease resistance in pigs

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