Polymorphisms Contributing to Calcium Status: A Systematic Review.

Katharina Da Silva Lopes,Sarah Krull Abe

doi:10.3390/nu13082488

Katharina Da Silva Lopes, Sarah Krull Abe

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082488

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Journal: Nutrients	Publication Date: Jul 21, 2021
Citations: 8	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: St. Luke's International University

Abstract

This systematic review assessed genotypes and changes in calcium homeostasis. A literature search was performed in EMBASE, Medline and CENTRAL on 7 August 2020 identifying 1012 references. Studies were included with any human population related to the topic of interest, and genetic variations in genes related to calcium metabolism were considered. Two reviewers independently screened references, extracted relevant data and assessed study quality using the Q-Genie tool. Forty-one studies investigating Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in relation to calcium status were identified. Almost half of the included studies were of good study quality according to the Q-Genie tool. Seventeen studies were cross-sectional, 14 case-control, seven association and three were Mendelian randomization studies. Included studies were conducted in over 18 countries. Participants were mainly adults, while six studies included children and adolescents. Ethnicity was described in 31 studies and half of these included Caucasian participants. Twenty-six independent studies examined the association between calcium and polymorphism in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene. Five studies assessed the association between polymorphisms of the Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and changes in calcium levels or renal excretion. The remaining ten studies investigated calcium homeostasis and other gene polymorphisms such as the CYP24A1 SNP or CLDN14. This study identified several CASR, VDR and other gene SNPs associated with calcium status. However, to provide evidence to guide dietary recommendations, further research is needed to explore the association between common polymorphisms and calcium requirements.

Highlights

As one of the most important minerals in the human body, calcium fulfils essential physiological roles such as mineralization of bones and teeth, muscle contraction, blood clotting and transmission of nerve impulses [1]
Of the records excluded at this stage, 24 articles did not show an association between the studied polymorphism and calcium, in 14 articles the calcium levels were not measured according to genotype, no changes in calcium levels were seen in 11 articles, nine did not measure calcium levels at all, seven were case series or case reports, five were duplicates and one article was a systematic review
We identified several studies assessing polymorphisms in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) and Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and other genes directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of calcium status

Summary

Introduction

As one of the most important minerals in the human body, calcium fulfils essential physiological roles such as mineralization of bones and teeth, muscle contraction, blood clotting and transmission of nerve impulses [1]. Ninety-nine percent of total calcium in the body is in bones and teeth [1]. The IOM identified the revised tolerable upper intake level for calcium as 2500–3000 mg/day for adults [5]. These levels were determined considering the following indicators: hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, vascular and soft tissue calcification and nephrolithiasis [5]. Calcium balance changes during the life stages and is determined by dietary calcium intake, intestinal calcium absorption and renal reabsorption [1]

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