Polymorphism of RAPD, ISSR and AFLP markers of the Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) genome

Abstract

The genus Panax (Araliaceae) is world-famous because many its members have important medicinal properties. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is more popular than other species of the genus because remedies prepared from this plant stimulate immunity, help to prevent diseases, and have antistress effects. In addition, the ginseng root extract is traditionally used as a means against aging. At present, this species is found in the wild only in Primorsky krai, Russia, but its populations are extremely exhausted and need to be restored. In this study, effectiveness of molecular DNA markers in detecting genetic variation and differentiation of the ginseng populations was tested. Genetic variation of ginseng, identified using RAPD (P = 4%; H(pop) = 0.0130) and ISSR (P = 9.3%; H(pop) = 0.0139) markers was low. The AFLP* approach, according to which amplicons are separated in polyacrylamide gel and visualized by means of silver staining, showed somewhat higher variability (P = 21.8%; H(pop) = 0.0509), while its effectiveness in population differentiation was as low as that of RAPD and ISSR. The AFLP** technique, which included analysis of the fragments using genetic analyzer, revealed high genetic differentiation of ginseng (P = 94.4%; H(pop) = 0.3246). All populations examined using the AFLP** markers were statistically significantly differentiated based on the AMOVA results. Our result suggest effectiveness of AFLP** markers for characterization of the genetic structure and genetic relationships of the ginseng populations. These markers are recommended for use in large-scale population genetic studies of this species to develop measures of its conservation.