Abstract
Immunotherapy holds enormous promise to create a new outlook of cancer therapy by eliminating tumors via activation of the immune system. In immunotherapy, polymeric systems play a significant role in improving antitumor efficacy and safety profile. Polymeric systems possess many favorable properties, including magnificent biocompatibility and biodegradability, structural and component diversity, easy and controllable fabrication, and high loading capacity for immune-related substances. These properties allow polymeric systems to perform multiple functions in immunotherapy, such as immune stimulants, modifying and activating T cells, delivery system for immune cargos, or as an artificial antigen-presenting cell. Among diverse immunotherapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell, and oncolytic virus recently have been dramatically investigated for their remarkable success in clinical trials. In this report, we review the monotherapy status of immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell, and oncolytic virus, and their current combination strategies with diverse polymeric systems.
Highlights
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is among the top leading causes of nearly 10.0 million deaths worldwide in 2020 [1, 2]
We focus on representing immunotherapeutic strategies including immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, and oncolytic viruses, and their combined application with polymeric systems
Many studies have investigated and compared the effectiveness in expansion, differentiation, CAR transduction, and functions of activated T cells by TransAct and the results suggest that TransAct can be used for clinical-scale Tcell activation [107, 108]
Summary
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is among the top leading causes of nearly 10.0 million deaths worldwide in 2020 [1, 2]. There have been diverse cancer immune therapeutics, such as cancer vaccines, antibody therapy, cytokines, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), adoptive cell transfer (ACT), and oncolytic viruses (OV) [17, 18] Among those immune therapeutics, remarkable success in the commercialization of ICI and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells have driven cancer immunotherapy into the limelight [19–22]. For the CAR-T cell therapy, safety is still an utmost concerning issue according to neurotoxicity and severe side effects, which include death, cytokine release syndrome, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, acute anaphylaxis, and B-cell aplasia [30, 31] These obstacles are found in systemically administered OV, which demonstrates limited therapeutic efficacy due to its hepatotoxicity and immunogenicity that respectively trigger nonspecific liver toxicity and inflammatory responses, making it difficult to cure inaccessible tumors [32, 33]. We introduce some typical modifications with polymeric systems that can be used to promote better anti-tumor inhibition
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