Abstract
Current strategies of regenerative medicine are focused on the restoration of pathologically altered tissue architectures by transplantation of cells in combination with supportive scaffolds and biomolecules. In recent years, considerable interest has been given to biologically active scaffolds which are based on similar analogs of the extracellular matrix that have induced synthesis of tissues and organs. To restore function or regenerate tissue, a scaffold is necessary that will act as a temporary matrix for cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, with subsequent ingrowth until the tissues are totally restored or regenerated. Scaffolds have been used for tissue engineering such as bone, cartilage, ligament, skin, vascular tissues, neural tissues, and skeletal muscle and as vehicle for the controlled delivery of drugs, proteins, and DNA. Various technologies come together to construct porous scaffolds to regenerate the tissues/organs and also for controlled and targeted release of bioactive agents in tissue engineering applications. In this paper, an overview of the different types of scaffolds with their material properties is discussed. The fabrication technologies for tissue engineering scaffolds, including the basic and conventional techniques to the more recent ones, are tabulated.
Highlights
The field of tissue engineering has advanced dramatically in the last 10 years, offering the potential for regenerating almost every tissue and organ of the human body
Porous controlled-release systems contain pores that are large enough to enable diffusion of the drug [145]. Synthetic biodegradable polymers such as PLLA, Polyglycolide PLA (PGA), PLGA [50], Poly(ε-caprolactone) PDO (PCL) [146], PDLLA, Poly(ether ester) PEO (PEE) based on PEO, and Polybutylene terephthalate HAP (PBT) [147] are used as porous scaffolding materials
Nanofibers synthesized by self-assembly [165] and phase separation [50] have had relatively limited studies that explored their application as scaffolds for tissue engineering
Summary
The field of tissue engineering has advanced dramatically in the last 10 years, offering the potential for regenerating almost every tissue and organ of the human body. The general strategies adopted by tissue engineering can be classified into three groups [1]: (i) Implantation of isolated cells or cell substitutes into the organism, (ii) delivering of tissueinducing substances (such as growth factors), and (iii) placing cells on or within different matrices. Scaffold design and fabrication are major areas of biomaterial research, and they are important subjects for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research [1]. During the past two decades, many works have been done to develop potentially applicable scaffold materials for tissue engineering. Biomaterials intended for biomedical applications target to develop artificial materials that can be used to renovate or restore function of diseased or traumatized tissues in the human body and improve the quality of life. It covers the most commonly used scaffold’s fabrication technologies
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