Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used as an anticancer and anti-inflammtory drug for treating various types of cancer and autoimmune diseases. The optimal dose of MTX is known to inhibit the dihydrofolatereductase that hinders the replication of purines. The nanobiomedicine has been extensively explored in the past decade to develop myriad functional nanostructures to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic agents for various medical applications. This review is focused on understanding the design and development of MTX-loaded nanoparticles alongside the inclusion of recent findings for the treatment of cancers. In this paper, we have made a coordinated effort to show the potential of novel drug delivery systems by achieving effective and target-specific delivery of methotrexate.
Highlights
The aim of achieving the utmost therapeutic efficacy with the fewest drug hazards is always a priority for any pharmaceutical researcher
The smaller length of the linker resulted in less exposure of MTX present in the dendrimer core of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and increased bioavailability and transport. These results indicate the potential use of a subcutaneous route for targeted drug delivery for lymphatic sites
Tahir et al used different concentrations of polymer (PLGA), lipid (Lipoid S100), and surfactant (Lutrol R F-68) for the preparation of MTX-lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) by the single-step, self-assembly, modified nano-precipitation method to check the influence of variation on particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE), and drug release using a three-level box Behnken design (Design-Expert R software) [98]
Summary
The aim of achieving the utmost therapeutic efficacy with the fewest drug hazards is always a priority for any pharmaceutical researcher. For the controlled release of the drug, an encapsulated lipid-based delivery system was developed for cutaneous administration of MTX, and it enhanced plasma t1/2 from 0.53–100 h (190 times), and lowered Cmax (120 times) with 130 times higher efficacy against L1210 leukemia cells [34] was estimated. Many studies have been carried out to overcome the limitations of different NDDS These NDDS provide better results in terms of safety, efficacy, target-specificity, improved bioavailability, and sustained drug release with higher stability of the therapeutic effect against various biochemical mechanisms. F127/P105-MTX showed the higher (1.36-fold) cellular uptake compared to the conventional conjugate micelle in KBv cells and enhanced antitumor efficacy [53] This result indicates that it could be a possible safe and effective nanodrug delivery system for folate receptor–rich cancer therapy. To enhance the cellular uptake at the tumor site together with sustained drug release, the novel approach of surface functionalization and changes in the shape of the nanoparticles is proposed as elongated nanoparticles are reported to achieve better drug-delivery efficacy compared to spherical ones [56]
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