Abstract
Advances in design of selective interfaces and printed technology have mighty contributed to the expansion of the electroanalysis fame. The real advantage in electroanalytical field is the possibility to manufacture and customize plenty of different sensing platforms, thus avoiding expensive equipment, hiring skilled personnel, and expending economic effort. Growing developments in polymer science have led to further improvements in electroanalytical methods such as sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and accuracy. This review provides an overview of the technical procedures that are used in order to establish polymer effectiveness in printed-based electroanalytical methods. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of electronalytical sensors and biosensors, which highlights the diverse role of the polymeric materials depending on their specific application. A wide overview is provided, taking into account the most significant findings that have been reported from 2010 to 2017.
Highlights
Electroanalytical methods have gained a leading role in the implementation of user-friendly analytical devices [1]
Polymers will be grouped in three main sections: those that are involved as the sensing element, those that are utilized to improve the electrochemical performance of printed electrodes, and those that are employed to entrap/protect thesensing element
Roll-to-roll allows a quick modification of a high amount of electrodes, but the equipment required is bulky and expensive; electrospray can be carried out with home-made apparatus, but one of its limitations could be ascribable to the interaction between the electric field applied to generate droplets and the polymer; pen-writing is a very versatile way to produce or modify printed electrodes, but it lacks of repeatability; dip coating for layer-by-layer structuring of electrodes is a simple and effective approach, which exploits the adsorption of oppositely charged polymer layers, but it requires many steps
Summary
Electroanalytical methods have gained a leading role in the implementation of user-friendly analytical devices [1]. The high π-conjugation of polyacetylene (PA), polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), and polythiophene (PTh), etc., makes them suitable for developing sensing platforms Their doping may result in diverse materials: insulators, semi-conductors, or conductors [23,24]. (PSS) [27], while Ayenimo and Adeloju entrapped the enzyme by electropolymerizing pyrrole on the electrode surface [28] Another widely utilized polymer in electronalytical manufcaturing is Nafion: it is a perfluorinated sulphonated cation exchanger, highly permeable to cations. It is generally coated on the electrode surface to avoid interference from negatively-charged species and to enhance the accumulation of metals [29]. Polymers will be grouped in three main sections: those that are involved as the sensing element, those that are utilized to improve the electrochemical performance of printed electrodes, and those that are employed to entrap/protect the (bio)sensing element
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