Abstract
Core–shell nanostructures are promising platforms for combination drug delivery. However, their complicated synthesis process, poor stability, surface engineering, and low biocompatibility are major hurdles. Herein, a carboxymethyl chitosan-coated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (cmcPLGA) core–shell nanostructure is prepared via a simple one-step nanoprecipitation self-assembly process. Engineered core–shell nanostructures are tested for combination delivery of loaded docetaxel and doxorubicin in a cancer-mimicked environment. The drugs are compartmentalized in a shell (doxorubicin, Dox) and a core (docetaxel, Dtxl) with loading contents of ∼1.2 and ∼2.06%, respectively. Carboxymethyl chitosan with both amine and carboxyl groups act as a polyampholyte in diminishing ζ-potential of nanoparticles from fairly negative (−13 mV) to near neutral (−2 mV) while moving from a physiological pH (7.4) to an acidic tumor pH (6) that can help the nanoparticles to accumulate and release the drug on-site. The dual-drug formulation was found to carry a clinically comparable 1.7:1 weight ratio of Dtxl/Dox, nanoengineered for the sequential release of Dox followed by Dtxl. Single and engineered combinatorial nanoformulations show better growth inhibition toward three different cancer cells compared to free drug treatment. Importantly, Dox–Dtxl cmcPLGA nanoparticles scored synergism with combination index values between 0.2 and 0.3 in BT549 (breast ductal carcinoma), PC3 (prostate cancer), and A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) cell lines, demonstrating significant cell growth inhibition at lower drug concentrations as compared to single-drug control groups. The observed promising performance of dual-drug formulation is due to the G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis.
Highlights
Cancer is a notorious disorder that can find loopholes in its basic molecular mechanisms to bypass various signaling pathways, which are hit by small molecule therapeutics
Chitosan in its unmodified form was initially explored to serve as a shell on a PLGA nanoparticle due to its positive charge, and it could enhance cellular uptake due to the charge effect.[28]
The main reason could be due to an irregular coating throughout the sample, which is carried out after the PLGA nanoparticle synthesis, causing undesirable nanoparticle aggregation
Summary
Cancer is a notorious disorder that can find loopholes in its basic molecular mechanisms to bypass various signaling pathways, which are hit by small molecule therapeutics. There are various reports on multidrug delivery using nanoparticles that showed promise in both in vitro and preclinical stages,[8,9] liposomes are considered as an ideal drug delivery platform for stimuli-responsive targeted drug delivery applications.[10] So far, several liposomal formulations of drugs such as doxorubicin (Doxil), daunorubicin (DaunoXome), cytarabine (DepoCyt), and vincristine (ONCO-TCS) have been marketed successfully. Due to their vesicular structure, they can load hydrophobic drugs in their unilamellar or multilamellar walls and a hydrophilic drug in their aqueous.
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