Abstract
Polymer vesicles, hollow nanostructures with hydrophilic cavity and hydrophobic membrane, have shown significant potentials in biomedical applications including drug delivery, gene therapy, cancer theranostics, and so forth, due to their unique cell membrane-like structure. Incorporation with antibacterial active components like antimicrobial peptides, etc., polymer vesicles exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity, extended circulation time, and reduced cell toxicity. Furthermore, antibacterial, and anticancer can be achieved simultaneously, opening a new avenue of the antimicrobial applications of polymer vesicles. This review seeks to highlight the state-of-the-art of antimicrobial polymer vesicles, including the design strategies and potential applications in the field of antibacterial. The structural features of polymer vesicles, preparation methods, and the combination principles with antimicrobial active components, as well as the advantages of antimicrobial polymer vesicles, will be discussed. Then, the diverse applications of antimicrobial polymer vesicles such as wide spectrum antibacterial, anti-biofilm, wound healing, and tissue engineering associated with their structure features are presented. Finally, future perspectives of polymer vesicles in the field of antibacterial is also proposed.
Highlights
Polymer vesicles are nanoscale hollow spheres composed of three parts, the interior holes, hydrophobic membranes, and hydrophilic coronas, which is similar to cell membranes that are composed of lipid bilayers but more stable and robust
The most studied building blocks of polymer vesicles are synthetic block copolymers with hydrophilic segments which form the coronas, and hydrophobic segments which form the membrane in a bilayer or interdigitated manner [17,24,25]
LaLtaert,erth, ethseamsaemgerogurpoucopncdouncdteudctseydstesymsatetimc asttuicdsietus duiseisnguasinntgimaincrtoimbiiaclropboilaylppepotliydpee–ppotildyme–eproclyomnjeurgcaotensjuagsabteusiladsinbguibldloinckgsbtloocpkrseptoarpereapnatirme iacnrtoibmiaiclrvoebsiiacllevsesaincldesinavnedstiingvaetsetithgeairtebitohmeierdbicioaml aepdpilciaclataiponpslic[5a4ti,o98n–s1[0514],.9F8o–r10e1x]a.mFporlee, xaafmolpiclea,ciadfloalbicelaecdidbiloadbeeglerdadbaiboldeePCgLra-dpaoblylepePpCtLid-epovleyspicelpetwidaesvperseipclaerewdatsopirnehpiabriet dbatcoteinrihaibaintdbatacrtegreitaedanddrutagrgdeetleivdedryru[5g4d].elivery [54]. They prepared penicillin loaded PCL-b-P(Lys-stat-Phe) vesicles embedded in the PEG/chitosan hydrogels to achieve the rapid and long-term antibacterial simultaneously, in which the encapsulated penicillin could kill bacteria rapidly while the sustained release of penicillin and the intrinsic antimicrobial activity of the vesicles could
Summary
Polymer self-assembly is a powerful tool to prepare functional nanomaterials with diverse morphologies, including micelles, cylinders, vesicles, nanobowls, flowers, and other highly ordered superstructures [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] which have shown great potentials in wide applications, including drug delivery, catalysis, energy storage, environment, and so forth [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. LaLtaert,erth, ethseamsaemgerogurpoucopncdouncdteudctseydstesymsatetimc asttuicdsietus duiseisnguasinntgimaincrtoimbiiaclropboilaylppepotliydpee–ppotildyme–eproclyomnjeurgcaotensjuagsabteusiladsinbguibldloinckgsbtloocpkrseptoarpereapnatirme iacnrtoibmiaiclrvoebsiiacllevsesaincldesinavnedstiingvaetsetithgeairtebitohmeierdbicioaml aepdpilciaclataiponpslic[5a4ti,o98n–s1[0514],.9F8o–r10e1x]a.mFporlee, xaafmolpiclea,ciadfloalbicelaecdidbiloadbeeglerdadbaiboldeePCgLra-dpaoblylepePpCtLid-epovleyspicelpetwidaesvperseipclaerewdatsopirnehpiabriet dbatcoteinrihaibaintdbatacrtegreitaedanddrutagrgdeetleivdedryru[5g4d].elivery [54] They prepared penicillin loaded PCL-b-P(Lys-stat-Phe) vesicles embedded in the PEG/chitosan hydrogels to achieve the rapid and long-term antibacterial simultaneously, in which the encapsulated penicillin could kill bacteria rapidly while the sustained release of penicillin and the intrinsic antimicrobial activity of the vesicles could. The polymer vesicles with positively charged surface exhibited both Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria inhibition activity due to the non-selectivity of the physical damage of the cell membrane of bacteria [83,103,104,105] Comparing to their linear counterparts, polymer vesicles usually showed better antimicrobial activity due to the enhanced local charge density and reduced cytotoxicity toward mammalian cell, owing to the shield effect of the coronas, which was described in the previous sections. P. aeruginosa upon addition of glucose and (B) Introduction of a bacterial switch-on mechanism enabled by the toxin-induced release of glucose from giant unilamellar vesicles [105] (Reprinted with permission from [105])
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