Abstract
The addition of inorganic spherical nanoparticles to polymers allows the modification of the polymers physical properties as well as the implementation of new features in the polymer matrix. This review article covers considerations on special features of inorganic nanoparticles, the most important synthesis methods for ceramic nanoparticles and nanocomposites, nanoparticle surface modification, and composite formation, including drawbacks. Classical nanocomposite properties, as thermomechanical, dielectric, conductive, magnetic, as well as optical properties, will be summarized. Finally, typical existing and potential applications will be shown with the focus on new and innovative applications, like in energy storage systems.
Highlights
Within the last 15 years, materials and structures showing geometric dimensions below 100 nm have gained more and more attraction to the scientific world and stimulated spirit of research on sometimes fancy ideas for future applications like molecular manufacturing or space elevators as well as on serious products for consumer goods, health, medical or food technology [1,2,3,4,5]
In this chapter we briefly describe the main different types of nanocomposites which are discussed in this review, and will play a main role concerning property modification of polymers and applications
This special type of composite is characterized by larger spheres, themselves consisting of a nanocomposite
Summary
Within the last 15 years, materials and structures showing geometric dimensions below 100 nm have gained more and more attraction to the scientific world and stimulated spirit of research on sometimes fancy ideas for future applications like molecular manufacturing or space elevators as well as on serious products for consumer goods, health, medical or food technology [1,2,3,4,5]. The dependency of surface/volume ratio is a function of size In this context, it is important to realize that e.g., 5 nm particles consist of only a few 1000 atoms or unit cells and possess approximately 40% of their atoms at the surface. A very demonstrative example of the influence of surface area, adapted from [6], is to visualize a 50 kg piece of quartz (SiO2) in the form of a cube This cube has a total edge length of about 27 cm. Reducing the edge length of the contributing cubes (corresponding to crystal size) to 1 mm, the quartz cube would consist of approximately 2 × 107 small cubes with a total surface area of approximately 120 m2. The interparticle interactions depend mainly on the particles surface chemistry, the shape, aspect ratio and dimensionality, the interparticle distance and the polydispersity [12]
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