Abstract
The injury to the spinal cord is among the most complex fields of medical development. Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to acute loss of motor and sensory function beneath the injury level and is linked to a dismal prognosis. Currently, while a strategy that could heal the injured spinal cord remains unforeseen, the latest advancements in polymer-mediated approaches demonstrate promising treatment forms to remyelinate or regenerate the axons and to integrate new neural cells in the SCI. Moreover, they possess the capacity to locally deliver synergistic cells, growth factors (GFs) therapies and bioactive substances, which play a critical role in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Here, we provide an extensive overview of the SCI characteristics, the pathophysiology of SCI, and strategies and challenges for the treatment of SCI in a review. This review highlights the recent encouraging applications of polymer-based scaffolds in developing the novel SCI therapy.
Highlights
Spinal cord injury (SCI) constitutes a considerable portion of the global injury burden is mainly caused by falls and road accidents (Wagner et al, 2018; David et al, 2019; Hutson and Di Giovanni, 2019)
In addition to natural materials, many synthetic polymers are used for the preparation of SCI scaffolds, including polysialic acid (PSA), polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) and so on, which can be individually designed according to needs to make its performance controllable (Nawrotek et al, 2017)
embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from blastocysts, and has a developmental totipotency and can develop into three layer derived the ability of cervical SCI model, from the brain and spinal cord tissue of the embryonic spinal cord or spinal cord neural progenitor cells as a graft, transplanted cells can survive and differentiate into neurons cells, make the movement function of SCI model obviously improve. it is worth noting that the chest and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, SCI model in the transplantation methods effect is good; In clinical practice, neural stem cells (NSCs) from embryonic tissue were transplanted to the site of cervical and thoracic SCI
Summary
Spinal cord injury (SCI) constitutes a considerable portion of the global injury burden is mainly caused by falls and road accidents (Wagner et al, 2018; David et al, 2019; Hutson and Di Giovanni, 2019). The use of implantable polymer to enhance spinal cord rejuvenation intends to fill the created gap in the injured site and modify the injured area toward a pro-restorative environment that provides physical cues for the rejuvenation of the axons (Ahuja and Fehlings, 2016). Based on these criteria, the polymer material must have applicable chemical, mechanical, as well as physical features for cell viability and tissue development. We review the novelty of polymer therapy and in integrated treatments providing insightful possibilities for future study and prospective for safe clinical application (Scheme 1)
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