Abstract
Mass transfer restrictions of scaffolds are currently hindering the development of three-dimensional (3D), clinically viable, and tissue-engineered constructs. For this situation, a 3D poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite porous scaffold, which was very favorable for the transfer of nutrients to and waste products from the cells in the pores, was developed in this study. The 3D scaffold had an innovative structure, including macropores with diameters of 300–450 μm for cell ingrowth and microchannels with diameters of 2–4 μm for nutrition and waste exchange. The mechanical strength in wet state was strong enough to offer structural support. The typical structure was more beneficial for the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium (Ca) deposition were evaluated on the differentiation of rBMSCs, and the results indicated that the microchannel structure was very favorable for differentiating rBMSCs into maturing osteoblasts. For repairing rabbit radius defects in vivo, there was rapid healing in the defects treated with the 3D porous scaffold with microchannels, where the bridging by a large bony callus was observed at 12 weeks post-surgery. Based on the results, the 3D porous scaffold with microchannels was a promising candidate for bone defect repair.
Highlights
Orthopedic reconstruction procedures stemming from trauma, tumor, deformity, degeneration, and an aging population have dramatically increased, triggering a high demand on the improvement of bone implant technology [1,2]
Oh et al fabricated the hydrophilic porous PLGA tubes using a modified immersion phase-inversion method and showed that the tubes were highly effective for the permeation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) [12]
In order to explore the advantage of particulate leaching method (PI) scaffold (SPI ), the scaffold fabricated by molding/particulate leaching method (MM) (SMM ) was applied to compare it in terms of structure, porosity, mechanical property, cell attachment, cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and the capability of bone repair in vivo
Summary
Orthopedic reconstruction procedures stemming from trauma, tumor, deformity, degeneration, and an aging population have dramatically increased, triggering a high demand on the improvement of bone implant technology [1,2]. Oh et al fabricated the hydrophilic porous PLGA tubes using a modified immersion phase-inversion method and showed that the tubes were highly effective for the permeation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) [12]. These studies inspired us to devise a 3D porous scaffold with microchannels for bone repair via the phase inversion method to improve mass transport. We fabricated an innovative 3D porous scaffold by phase inversion/particulate leaching method (PI), which possessed both macropores and microchannels, providing space for cell invasion and mass transfer, respectively. In order to explore the advantage of PI scaffold (SPI ), the scaffold fabricated by MM (SMM ) was applied to compare it in terms of structure, porosity, mechanical property, cell attachment, cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and the capability of bone repair in vivo
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