Polygonization and anomalous graphene interlayer spacing of multi-walled carbon nanofibers

Abstract

The graphene interlayer spacing in pure graphite is known to have a minimum value of dmin = 0.3354 nm, while defective graphites typically have larger interlayer spacings. Using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, we find that the graphene interlayer spacing in multi-walled carbon nanofibers heat treated above ≈ 2800 K is distinctly smaller than dmin. To explain this unusual observation, we investigate the structural properties of carbon nanotubes using a multiscale approach rooted in extensive first-principles calculations, specifically allowing the nanotube cross-sections to polygonize. We show that, whereas normal nanotubes are favored energetically at low temperatures, the configuration entropy associated with Stone-Wales defect creation at high temperatures makes the polygonal shape of large nanotubes or nanofibers thermodynamically stable, accompanied by a reduction in the graphene interlayer spacing. These unique predictions are confirmed in further experimental tests.