Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), composed of natural and biodegradable polymers, (such as positively charged chitosan or protamine and negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)) have attracted attention as hydrogels, films, hydrocolloids, and nano-/micro-particles (N/MPs) for biomedical applications. This is due to their biocompatibility and biological activities. These PECs have been used as drug and cell delivery carriers, hemostats, wound dressings, tissue adhesives, and scaffolds for tissue engineering. In addition to their comprehensive review, this review describes our original studies and provides an overview of the characteristics of chitosan-based hydrogel, including photo-cross-linkable chitosan hydrogel and hydrocolloidal PECs, as well as molecular-weight heparin (LH)/positively charged protamine (P) N/MPs. These are generated by electrostatic interactions between negatively charged LH and positively charged P together with their potential biomedical applications.
Highlights
Chitin is the second-most abundant natural polysaccharide after cellulose and is composed ofN-acetylglucosamine
This review focuses on Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) hydrogels formed by the chemical interaction of chitosan and crosslinkers [36], such as photo-crosslinked chitosan hydrogel (PCH) formed by the addition of a photocrosslinker [37,38], ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels [34,36], temperature sensitive chitosan hydrogels [39,40], and hydrocolloids [41,42] formed by direct interaction between polymeric chains without addition of a crosslinker
These results suggest that some of the transplanted Inbred rat (IR-)adipose-derived stromal stromal cells cells (ADSCs) had been are effective healing-impaired in diabetic rats
Summary
Chitin is the second-most abundant natural polysaccharide after cellulose and is composed of. Chitosan is composed of co-polymers of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine linked by β(1→4) glycosidic bonds, generated by partial alkaline deacetylation of chitin [1,2]. Electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes generate polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) [28,29]. Both synthetic and natural PECs can interact with proteins [30,31]. Many studies have reported the chemical properties of PECs, obtained under various experimental conditions, such as the strength and position of ionic sites, charge density, and rigidity of the polymer chains [32,33,34]. We previously studied ACF-HSs and PECs as drug delivery carriers, cell delivery carriers, tissue adhesives, wound dressings, hematostats, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and protein/gene delivery carriers
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