Abstract
The present study determined the levels of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rice (Oryza Sativa) samples from six agricultural locations in Bade and Karasuwa Local Government Areas, Yobe State, Nigeria. Four varieties of rice (FARO 42, 44, 45 and 52) were collected for this study. The concentrations of PAHs in the study rice samples were lower than the maximum allowable concentration (MAC), average daily dose (ADD) of PAHs in the different variety of rice from the six agricultural locations shows that FARO 44 had the highest ADD (5.84 x1011 mg/kg), while FARO 52 shows the lowest ADD (1.20 x1015 mg/kg). The potential for non-carcinogenic PAHs in this study revealed that FARO 42 has the highest hazard index (2.04 x1011 mg/kg). Result from incremental lifetime expectancy cancer risk shows that FARO 44 from Jawa had the highest value (4.19 x1010 mg/kg), while the lowest value (7.61 x1015 mg/kg) was recorded for FARO 52 from Rina Kuna agricultural location. Results from the present study shows that the rice samples from the study locations are safe for human consumption and not significantly contaminated by PAHs.
Highlights
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more fused benzene rings in various structural configurations (Masih and Lal, 2014; Sharma 2014)
The total PAH contents from all the sampling locations reveals that FARO 42 and 44 showed higher values of 6.68 x105 and 5.60 x105 mg/kg respectively from Jawa agricultural location, whereas Mashayan Bululu and Rina Kunu locations showed relatively lower values of 1.44 x108 and 1.72 x108 mg/kg respectively
The highest average daily dose (ADD) of 5.84 x1011 mg/kg in FARO 44 was recorded at Jawa Agricultural Location, while the lowest ADD of 1.20 x1015 mg/kg in FARO 52 was recorded at Rina Kunu Agricultural Location
Summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more fused benzene rings in various structural configurations (Masih and Lal, 2014; Sharma 2014). Research study on mutagenic and/or carcinogenic PAHs have been found in cooked rice (Essumang, 2014). The consumption of different types of food my human is an important pathway for human exposure to PAHs, and dietary intake is one of the exposure rout to PAHs from (Shen et al, 2014). There had been increased in the consumption of rice in Nigeria, and imported and locally rice are widely consumed as the most stable food. There have been increased in the consumption of rice on a daily basis to approximately 80%. PAHs are found in various ecosystems and are pollutants of important concern as a result of their potential toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity (Klein, 2014)
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