Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are related to many aspects of the plant’s life cycle, including responses to biotic and abiotic stress. On the other hand, halophytic plants are useful models for studying salt tolerance mechanisms related to the adaptive strategies that these plants present in adverse environments. Furthermore, some halophytes have high economic value, being recommended instead of glycophytes as alternative agricultural crops in salt-affected coastal zones or saline farmlands. In recent years, the understanding of the role of PAs in salt-tolerant plants has greatly advanced. This mini review reports on the advances in the knowledge of PAs and their participation in achieving better salt tolerance in 10 halophytes. PAs are associated with responses to heavy metals in phytoremediation processes using certain salt-tolerant species (Atriplex atacamensis, A. halimus, Inula chrithmoides, and Kosteletzkya pentacarpos). In crops with exceptional nutritional properties such as Chenopodium quinoa, PAs may be useful markers of salt-tolerant genotypes. The signaling and protection mechanisms of PAs have been investigated in depth in the extreme halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum and Thellungiella spp., enabling genetic manipulation of PA biosynthesis. In Prosopis strombulifera, different biochemical and physiological responses have been reported, depending on the type of salt (NaCl, Na2SO4). Increases in spermidine and spermine have been positively associated with stress tolerance as these compounds provide protection in Cymodocea nodosa, and Solanum chilense, respectively. In addition, abscisic acid and salicylic acid can improve the beneficial effect of PAs in these plants. Therefore, these results indicate the great potential of PAs and their contribution to stress tolerance.
Highlights
Halophytes comprise a group of plants able to complete their life cycle under saline environmental conditions of around 200 mM NaCl or even more (Flowers and Colmer, 2008; Golldack et al, 2014)
Representing roughly 1% of the total world flora, they are distributed mainly in arid and wetlands saline areas, as well as in temperate zones (Gul et al, 2013; Kumari et al, 2015). These plants provide useful models to understand the mechanisms of adaptation to saline stress (Hurst et al, 2004; Arbona et al, 2010)
(under exogenous application of H2O2) the diurnal rhythm cycle of antioxidants and osmotic compounds, which could be responsible for the maintenance of the waterpotential gradient, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, and the prevention of oxidative damage
Summary
Halophytic plants are useful models for studying salt tolerance mechanisms related to the adaptive strategies that these plants present in adverse environments. The understanding of the role of PAs in salt-tolerant plants has greatly advanced. This mini review reports on the advances in the knowledge of PAs and their participation in achieving better salt tolerance in 10 halophytes. Abscisic acid and salicylic acid can improve the beneficial effect of PAs in these plants. These results indicate the great potential of PAs and their contribution to stress tolerance
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