Abstract
The high concentrations of trace elements in the environment, especially the carcinogenic elements Cr, Cd, and As, in populated areas can lead to an increased non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk in humans via the effective exposure pathways (inhalation and dermal contact). In this study, the concentrations of the trace elements Cd, Cr, and As in four media were comprehensively evaluated by collecting samples from atmospheric precipitates (A), wheat (W), soil (S), and groundwater (G) in the agricultural plain. This study not only considers the health risk level, but also focuses on the relationship between soil properties and the soil–wheat system. First, according to the results of the analysis, the concentration of carcinogenic elements in atmospheric precipitates was higher than that in other media. The sequence follows the order A > S > W > G. Moreover, the input flux of A was at a relatively higher level (determined via an input flux calculation) than other farming areas. Second, the pollution of Cr, Cd, and As in A and S were analyzed using the geoaccumulation method, and the level of Cd reached mild to moderate pollution. In addition, it was found that the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of Cd were much higher than those of As and Cr in the soil–wheat system. Furthermore, it was found that the negative relationship between BAFs and pH, CEC (cation exchange capacity), Corg (soil organic carbon), and clay was significant. Lastly, the hazard quotient (HQ) of the non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk (CR) of the three elements in multiple media were calculated using the health risk model. The HQ results showed that the total non-carcinogenic risk index (HI) of Cd, As, and Cr in the multiple-media did not exceed the risk limit (1.00), and there was no significant risk to the locally exposed population. However, the total carcinogenic risk index (TCR) indicated that the risk index of Cr, As and Cd in multiple media exceeded the safety index range (≈10−6–10−4), and the three elements posed a significant carcinogenic risk to local residents via the main pathways. In terms of individual elements, the risk of cancer was highest via the ingestion of the carcinogenic element Cd in G and W.
Highlights
Due to the wide range and long duration of trace element pollution, it accumulates and becomes stable in the environment, and it is difficult for this pollution to decompose during biological material circulation and energy exchange
The concentration of the trace elements in each medium was compared with the corresponding safety values; four samples of Cd in W and six samples of As exceeded the safety limit
We suggest that local departments and governments pay greater attention to these issues
Summary
Due to the wide range and long duration of trace element pollution, it accumulates and becomes stable in the environment, and it is difficult for this pollution to decompose during biological material circulation and energy exchange. Long-term exposure to these substances, mainly through drinking water, atmospheric exposure, and food, is higher in soils rich in these substances and can increase the risk of cancer. According to the “soil–crop–body” or “soil–water–body” food chain, the trace carcinogenic elements As, Cd, and Cr are accumulated in the body; are seriously harmful to human health; and can produce chronic cumulative effects in the human body through environmental media, such as soils, crops, groundwater, and atmospheric precipitates, and generate non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risks [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Chromium is an essential trace element in the human body, but if ingested in excess, it may cause kidney and liver damage, nausea, gastrointestinal tract stimulation, spasms, and even death [1,9]
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