Pollination and nectar larceny by birds and bees in novel forests of the Hawaiian Islands

Pryce W Millikin,Corey E Tarwater,Samuel B Case

doi:10.26786/1920-7603(2021)640

Pryce W Millikin, Corey E Tarwater + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2021)640

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Abstract

The extinction of native species and introduction of non-native species may lead to the disruption of biotic interactions. Pollination is a critical ecosystem process that often requires mutualisms between animals and plants. Non-native animals may interact with native flowering plants, with the potential to pollinate or steal nectar (larceny) from flowers without pollination. In the Hawaiian Islands, many native plants have lost their original pollinators. Birds and insects are known to visit native plant flowers, but it is unclear whether they pollinate or steal nectar, whether native and non-native species differ in their interactions with flowers, and what influences visitation to flowers. On Oʻahu, we deployed camera traps and conducted in-person observations on four at-risk species of Hawaiian lobelioids (Campanulaceae). We observed birds, mammals, and insects visiting flowers, with a native bird and native bee visiting most frequently. Regardless of native versus non-native status, bees made contact with reproductive structures during most visits (90.5% of visits), while birds stole nectar during most visits (99.3% of visits). Bee and bird visitation increased with the number of flowers on focal plants. Bird visitation also increased with canopy cover and the number of nearby conspecific flowers and decreased with the number of nearby heterospecific flowers. Our results indicate that bees may pollinate plants that were historically bird-pollinated, while native and non-native birds have neutral or negative impacts on these plants. Broadly, we contribute to an understanding of how native plant pollination can be altered in changing ecosystems.

Highlights

Rates of species extinction and invasion are accelerating worldwide, leading to a new suite of species co-existing and forming novel ecosystems (Hobbs et al 2009)
Mutualisms are known to be vulnerable to environmental changes and this may be even more true on island ecosystems, where populations tend to be small and evolution has occurred in isolation (Traveset & Richardson 2006; Tylianakis et al 2008; Mitchell et al 2009; Kiers et al 2010)
Pollination is often needed for seed production and genetic connectivity between plant populations, affecting population persistence and community structure (Castilla et al 2017)

Summary

Introduction

Rates of species extinction and invasion are accelerating worldwide, leading to a new suite of species co-existing and forming novel ecosystems (Hobbs et al 2009). Mutualisms are known to be vulnerable to environmental changes and this may be even more true on island ecosystems, where populations tend to be small and evolution has occurred in isolation (Traveset & Richardson 2006; Tylianakis et al 2008; Mitchell et al 2009; Kiers et al 2010). Examining these interactions in novel island ecosystems is critical for predicting species persistence and conserving biodiversity in response to global change. Pollination mutualisms can be highly specialized, with plant and animal partners

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