Abstract
The pollen morphology of Phryma and some of its putative relatives was investigated with the hope that it might clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the genus, which has been placed in the Verbenaceae by some authors and segregated as the Phrymaceae (in the Lamiales or Scrophulariales) by others. The pollen of Phryma is tricolpate (contrary to some previous reports), tectate-perforate to microreticulate, and has simple columellae. These features are equally consistent with a position in the Verbenaceae or Scrophulariales but argue against a close relationship to four taxa that have been thought by some workers to be close to Phryma: Myoporaceae, Verbena, tribe Lantaneae (Verbenaceae), and Avicennia. When gynoecial morphology, inflorescence structure, and leaf epidermal anatomy are considered as well, a position close to (but not within) subfam. Ver- benoideae appears to be best supported. Assignment to a family (Phrymaceae versus Verbenaceae) must await a revision of family limits in the Lamiales.
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