Abstract
The evolution of upland swampy savanna with luxuriant herbaceous cover in Sandynallah, in the Nilgiri hills of southern India, from the initial swampy or per-humid stage through humid, semi-humid and arid phases of dense, sparse to poor herbaceous vegetation respectively, is inferred from the pollen analytical data. The present study does not support the view that the swampy grass formations were a secondary development of degraded shola forests. The evidence presented in this paper supports a view that montane grasslands persisted in the area since ca. 30,000 yr B.P. It is probable that frost and soil factors have been the important determinants in maintaining and stabilizing the swampy upland savanna of Sandynallah since ca. 2500 yr B.P.
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