Abstract
Abstract In 1556, Pope Paul IV Carafa (1555-9), eager to drive the Spanish out of his native Naples, initiated an ill-fated war against the new king of Spain and Naples, Philip II (1556-98). Entering into an alliance with the French monarch, Henry II, the pope set the stage for a familiar conflict that proved to be the last sixteenth-century chapter in a long series of battles between the Spanish and French for supremacy in the Italian peninsula.
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