Abstract
High-quality bi-concave 2D focusing diamond X-ray lenses of apex-radius R = 100 µm produced via laser-ablation and improved via mechanical polishing are presented here. Both for polished and unpolished individual lenses and for stacks of ten lenses, the remaining figure errors determined using X-ray speckle tracking are shown and these results are compared with those of commercial R = 50 µm beryllium lenses that have similar focusing strength and physical aperture. For two stacks of ten diamond lenses (polished and unpolished) and a stack of eleven beryllium lenses, this paper presents measured 2D beam profiles out of focus and wire scans to obtain the beam size in the focal plane. These results are complemented with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements of a polished and an unpolished diamond lens. Again, this is compared with the SAXS of a beryllium lens. The polished X-ray lenses show similar figure errors to commercially available beryllium lenses. While the beam size in the focal plane is comparable to that of the beryllium lenses, the SAXS signal of the polished diamond lenses is considerably lower.
Highlights
IntroductionDue to the difficulty of machining diamond with conventional tools, initial trials deposited chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond into moulds produced in silicon via semiconductor lithography techniques (Snigirev et al, 2002) or used direct etching of CVD diamond wafers (Nohammer et al, 2003a,b)
Diamond is an excellent material for X-ray optics (Shvyd’ko et al, 2017) as it can withstand high heat loads due to its unrivalled thermal conductivity, absorbs little due to its low atomic number (Z = 6), can be obtained in pure and crystalline form with reasonable quality, and, as a refractive element such as a focusing lens, offers a refraction-to-absorption ratio / (Serebrennikov et al, 2016) higher than all typical lens materials except for Be
Due to the difficulty of machining diamond with conventional tools, initial trials deposited chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond into moulds produced in silicon via semiconductor lithography techniques (Snigirev et al, 2002) or used direct etching of CVD diamond wafers (Nohammer et al, 2003a,b)
Summary
Due to the difficulty of machining diamond with conventional tools, initial trials deposited CVD diamond into moulds produced in silicon via semiconductor lithography techniques (Snigirev et al, 2002) or used direct etching of CVD diamond wafers (Nohammer et al, 2003a,b) These methods led to planar 1D focusing diamond lenses of reduced sagittal aperture ( 110 mm) due to the difficulties in producing deep structures using these planar technologies. We manufactured and characterized bi-concave 2D focusing diamond X-ray lenses produced, as individual elements, via laser ablation and subsequent mechanical polishing The performance of these lenses is comparable to that of commercial Be lenses, which are regarded as the standard due to their widespread use and continuous development dating back to 2002 (Schroer et al, 2002). The lenses were conditioned in 12 mm frames, which conveniently makes them compatible with existing hardware (e.g. pin-holes, spacers, lens cases, v-blocks and transfocators)
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