Abstract

La poliquistosis renal autosómica recesiva (PQRAR) es una enfermedad producida por mutaciones del gen PKDH1 que codifica una proteína llamada fibroquisina en el cromosoma 6p13.3. Se caracteriza por la asociación constante de túbulos colectores renales dilatados que forman quistes y por una fibrosis hepática congénita secundaria a una disgenesia biliar. Presentamos un caso de estudio de autopsia de un recién nacido hembra pretérmino de 35 semanas de edad gestacional, de 2 horas de vida con oligoamnios severo de un embarazo no controlado. En el primer trimestre de embarazo se constató nefromegalia en una ecografía. Los hallazgos macroscópicos más significativos fueron riñones de aspecto esponjoso compuestos con múltiples pequeños quistes y una fibrosis hepática focal. Tras el estudio microscópico se llegó al diagnóstico de enfermedad poliquística renal infantil autosómica recesiva con disgenesia biliar. La PQRAR plantea el diagnóstico diferencial histológico con: la displasia quística fibrosa y la enfermedad poliquística renal autosómica dominante. Es la alteración en el locus gen denominado PKDH1 del ADN, independientemente de la severidad de la afectación la que confirma el diagnóstico. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the PKD1 gene, which codes for protein polycystin 1, mapped on chromosome 6p13.3. ARPKD is characterised by the formation of cysts from coalescing dilated renal collecting ducts coexisting with congenital hepatic fibrosis secondary to biliar dysgenesis. We report the autopsy findings in a 2 h old, term female infant with severe oligohydramnios. The pregnancy had not been monitored, although a previous ultrasonography revealed foetal kidney enlargement. The most significant macroscopic findings were sponge kidneys composed of multiple small cysts and focal hepatic fibrosis. Microscopically a diagnosis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease with biliary dysgenesis was made. The clinical and pathological findings are correlated and the most important necropsy findings are described. The relevant literature is reviewed and recent advances in the pathology, genetics, diagnosis, ultrasonography, prevention and treatment of ARPKD are discussed.

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