Policy, Systems, and Environmental Strategies to Support Healthy Eating Behaviors in Early Childhood: A Scoping Review of Existing Evaluation Tools

Abstract

BackgroundPolicy, systems, and environmental (PSE) change strategies aimed at supporting healthy eating behaviors work to enhance optimal nutrition by making healthy foods more available and accessible in the community. PSE change strategies can complement and strengthen knowledge, skills, and behaviors obtained through individual-level nutrition education. ObjectiveThis scoping review aimed to identify existing literature evaluating early childhood (ie, children younger than age 5 years) PSE change strategies supporting healthy eating behaviors and to describe the evaluation tools used to assess the identified PSE change strategies. MethodsThree databases (PubMed, Cumulated Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science) were used to systematically search for articles published between 2013 and 2023 written in English and conducted in the United States that evaluated PSE change strategies supporting healthy eating behaviors in young children (ie, children younger than age 5 years). Two study members conducted the review, discussing and reconciling discrepancies until a consensus was reached for interobserver reliability. ResultsFindings from this review identified 48 studies evaluating early childhood PSE change strategies supporting healthy eating behaviors, with 36 studies using PSE-focused evaluation tools (n = 25) to evaluate these strategies. Most tools (80%) assessed PSE change strategies supporting access and availability of healthy food and beverage options in early childhood education settings. Studies did not evaluate child-level outcomes (ie, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors) to showcase improvement of early childhood nutrition. Only 60% of the tools reported evidence of validity or reliability. ConclusionsMost of the studies identified in this scoping review were aimed to evaluate healthy eating PSE change strategies focused on improving access to and availability of healthy foods and beverages in early childhood education settings. Future research is needed to develop and validate PSE-focused evaluation tools assessing child-level healthy eating practices and behaviors.