Abstract

The Amazon basin represents nearly half of the world’s remaining tropical forests (Hansen et al. 2013) and a large fraction of the terrestrial biodiversity. Due to a wealth of increasingly desirable aboveand below-ground natural resources, the Amazon also represents a divisive development opportunity for South American countries. In practice, however, reconciling the Herculean challenges of implementing sustainable strategies for biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, and economic growth will determine the ultimate fate of the region. Here, we express concerns over two successful conservation and development strategies in the Brazilian Amazon over the last two decades involving the concomitant creation of a comprehensive system of protected areas and strengthening of the scientific and technical capacity to manage natural resources.

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