Abstract
Cyber fraud is a major aspect of the crime trend in modern society, and there has been a significant increase in its scale as well as impact. The patterns of cyber fraud vary widely from simple crimes to highly specialized intelligent crimes, and are closely related to the characteristics of cyberspace. As online communication and interactions expand, new types of cyber fraud continue to emerge, and its modus operandi is also expected to become more intelligent with constantly updated information technology, as seen in cryptocurrency-related illegal activities. It is almost impossible to comprehend the whole picture of fraud varieties (Yar and Steinmetz, 2019). Crimes that occur in cyberspace are generally more complex because of the nature of cyberspace. Likewise, fraud offences in cyberspace do not coincide with the place of action, and the offenders’ identities are undisclosed. Predicated on these factors, cyber fraud spreads rapidly and widely (...
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