Abstract
To control the polarization of 850 nm multi-mode oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), monolithically integrated surface gratings are investigated. VCSELs with different grating parameters are simulated by the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method. Optical field intensity of two polarization orientations with different grating periods and duty cycles is obtained. The mode characteristics of VCSELs with different grating parameters are achieved by FDTD method. 850 nm surface grating VCSELs are fabricated and characterized, a maximum orthogonal polarization suppression ratio (OPSR) of 20.7 dB is observed. Meanwhile, VCSEL’s output mode characteristics are improved by integrating the surface grating. Application of integrated surface grating technique to achieve dynamically polarization-stable multi-mode VCSELs which enable polarization division multiplexed data transmission, the data throughput over a given link can be doubled.
Highlights
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have gained a large market share in the last few decades
It can be seen from the figure that the VCSEL’s output spectrum from multi-mode to few-mode and its output mode characteristics are improved by integrating the surface grating
The side mode suppression ratios (SMSRs) of VCSELs are greater than 20 dB for grating period of 600 nm
Summary
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have gained a large market share in the last few decades They have low cost, low threshold current, high-speed modulation, easy fabrication in two-dimensional arrays and circular symmetric output beam [1]. In order to improve VCSEL’s polarization performance, researchers have studied the influence of surface grating on polarization performance of VCSELs. In 2005, Ostermann et al [19] utilized surface grating shallow etching technology, the output wavelength of the device was 763 nm, the single-mode output power was greater than 2.5 mW and the polarization suppression ratio reached 26 dB. Liu et al [21] utilized surface-etched grating to control polarization of VCSELs in 2019, the output wavelength of the device was 890 nm and a stable orthogonal polarization suppression ratio reached about 20 dB. The maximum output power reaches 1.1 mW at 7 mA, and the SMSRs is greater than 20 dB
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