Abstract
This review describes the use of phospholipase D (PLD) to perform the transphosphatidylation of the most common natural phospholipid (PL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) to obtain polar head modified phospholipids with real targeted applications. The introduction of different polar heads with distinctive physical and chemical properties such as charge, polarity and dimensions allows the obtainment of very different PLs, which can be exploited in very diverse fields of application. Moreover, the inclusions of a bioactive moiety in the PL polar head constitutes a powerful tool for the stabilization and administration of active ingredients. The use of this biocatalytic approach allows the preparation of compounds which cannot be easily obtained by classical chemical methods, by using mild and green reaction conditions. PLD is a very versatile enzyme, able to catalyze both the hydrolysis of PC to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA), and the transphosphatidylation reaction in the presence of an appropriate alcohol. The yield of production of the desired product and the ratio with the collateral PA formation is highly dependent on parameters such as the nature and concentration of the alcohol and the enzymatic source. The application of PLD catalyzed transformations for the production of a great number of PLs with important uses in medical, nutraceutical and cosmetic sectors will be discussed in this work.
Highlights
Phospholipids (PLs) are amphiphilic molecules that are ubiquitous in nature and play a fundamental structural role in all biological membranes [1,2,3]
The head modified PLs (PX-1 to PX-21) reported in this review present distinctive properties, which are polar head modified PLs (PX-1 to PX-21) reported in this review present distinctive properties, which exploited in very diverse fields of applications and can be considered as prodrugs
The development of practical methods for the preparation of the structurally variable polar mainframe, the development of practical methods for the preparation of the structurally variable head-modified PLs is an important prerequisite to achieve the establishment of structure–activity polar head-modified PLs is an important prerequisite to achieve the establishment of structure
Summary
Phospholipids (PLs) are amphiphilic molecules that are ubiquitous in nature and play a fundamental structural role in all biological membranes [1,2,3] They are a nutritious source of fatty acid, organic phosphate and choline, and they are recognized to possess beneficial effects to human health [4,5] For these reasons, they are the topic of many areas of biomedical research, and they can generate model systems of biological membranes for specific studies [6].
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