Abstract
BackgroundMethanolic, aqueous and Total Oligomer Flavonoids (TOF)-enriched extracts obtained from the leaves of Acacia salicina 'Lindl.' were investigated for antibacterial, antimutagenic and antioxidant activities.MethodsThe antimicrobial activity was tested on the Gram positive and Gram negative reference bacterial strains. The Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities against direct acting mutagens, methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOPD), and indirect acting mutagens, 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) and benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) were performed with S. typhimurium TA102 and TA98 assay systems. In addition, the enzymatic and nonenzymatic methods were employed to evaluate the anti-oxidative effects of the tested extracts.ResultsA significant effect against the Gram positive and Gram negative reference bacterial strains was observed with all the extracts. The mutagenic and antimutagenic studies revealed that all the extracts decreased the mutagenicity induced by B(a)P (7.5 μg/plate), 2-AA (5 μg/plate), MMS (1.3 mg/plate) and NOPD (10 μg/plate). Likewise, all the extracts showed an important free radical scavenging activity towards the superoxide anion generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay system, as well as high Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), against the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)+• radical. TOF-enriched extract exhibited the highest protective effect against free radicals, direct acting-mutagen and metabolically activated S9-dependent mutagens.ConclusionsThe present study indicates that the extracts from A. salicina leaves are a significant source of compounds with the antimutagenic and antioxidant activities, and this may be useful for developing potential chemopreventive substances.
Highlights
Methanolic, aqueous and Total Oligomer Flavonoids (TOF)-enriched extracts obtained from the leaves of Acacia salicina ’Lindl.’ were investigated for antibacterial, antimutagenic and antioxidant activities
The genus Acacia is frequently used for the treatment of various illnesses because of their reputed pharmacological effects; published informations indicate that Acacia has hypoglycemic [2], antibacterial [3], antiinflammatory [4], cestocidal [5], spasmogenic and vasoconstrictor [6], antihypertensive and antispasmodic activities [7], anti-aggregation platelet effect [8], as well as an inhibitory effect against hepatitis C virus [9]
Based on informations gathered from traditional healers, herbalists, and inhabitants of rural south Tunisia, Acacia salicina has frequently been used as a the treatment of several diseases, such as the treatment of inflammatory diseases, as “febrifuge” to treat cancer, and as a fertility enhancer
Summary
Chemicals Methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), Benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P), 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOPD), xanthine (X), xanthine oxidase (XOD), 6hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) were obtained from Sigma Co The reaction was stopped by adding 0.1 mL of HCl 0.5 M Another control solution without the tested compound was prepared in the same manner as the assay mixture, to measure the total uric acid production (100%). To detect the superoxide scavenging activity, 2 mL of the colouring reagent consisting of sulphanilic acid solution (final concentration 300 μg/mL), N-(1naphtyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (final concentration 5 μg/mL) and acetic acid (16.7%, v/v) were added This mixture was allowed to rest for 30 min at room temperature and the absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 550 nm. We added 100 μL of bacterial exponential-phase culture and 500 μL of S9 mix for assay with S9, or 500 μL of sodium phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 7.4 for assay without S9) to 2 ml aliquots of top agar (supplemented with 0.5 mM L-histidine and 0.5 mM d-biotin), containing 100 μL of different concentrations of each tested extract. Abbreviations A. salicina: Acacia salicina; B(a)P: Benzo[a]pyrene; rfa: Deep rough; E. faecalis: Enterococcus faecalis; E. coli: Escherichia coli; MMS: Methylmethane sulfonate; MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations; MBC: Minimal bactericidal concentration; TOF: Total Oligomer Flavonoids; TEAC: Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity; S. typhimurium: Salmonella typhimurium; S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; S. entretidis: Salmonella entretidis; S. typhimurium: Salmonella typhimurium; X/XOD: Xanthine/xanthine oxidase; X: Xanthine; XOD: xanthine oxidase; 2-AA: 2-aminoanthracene; NOPD: 4-nitro-ophenylenediamine; ABTS: 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt; Trolox: 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
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