Abstract
In turbulent systems with inverse cascades, energy will pile up at large scales if no large-scale sink is present. We observe that in forced-dissipative three-dimensional turbulence from which vortex-stretching is removed, such condensation is observed, associated with an inverse cascade of helicity. The large-scale structure of this condensate is characterized by a hyperbolic sine relation between vorticity and velocity, analogous to the sinh relation between vorticity and stream function observed in freely decaying 2D turbulence in periodic domains. We generalize a 2D point-vortex statistical mechanics approach to our 3D system. It is shown that the predictions of this approach are in agreement with observations of both the forced-dissipative system, after appropriate averaging, and of the freely decaying system.
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