Point-of-Care Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy for White Blood Cell Count Analysis

Abstract

Total white blood cells count is an important diagnostic parameter in both human and veterinary medicines. State-of-the-art is performed by flow cytometry combined with light scattering or impedance measurements. Spectroscopy point-of-care has the advantages of miniaturization, low sampling, and real-time hemogram analysis. While white blood cells are in low proportions, while red blood cells and bilirubin dominate spectral information, complicating detection in blood. We performed a feasibility study for the direct detection of white blood cells counts in canine blood by visible-near infrared spectroscopy for veterinary applications, benchmarking current chemometrics techniques (similarity, global and local partial least squares, artificial neural networks and least-squares support vector machines) with self-learning artificial intelligence, introducing data augmentation to overcome the hurdle of knowledge representativity. White blood cells count information is present in the recorded spectra, allowing significant discrimination and equivalence between hemogram and spectra principal component scores. Chemometrics methods correlate white blood cells count to spectral features but with lower accuracy. Self-Learning Artificial Intelligence has the highest correlation (0.8478) and a small standard error of 6.92 × 109 cells/L, corresponding to a mean absolute percentage error of 25.37%. Such allows the accurate diagnosis of white blood cells in the range of values of the reference interval (5.6 to 17.8 × 109 cells/L) and above. This research is an important step toward the existence of a miniaturized spectral point-of-care hemogram analyzer.