Pod wart disease of peanuts

Abstract

Peanut pod wart, a relatively new disease to peanut culture, was first reported in Israel in 1988 attacking peanut plants and causing dark warts on the pod. The causal agents are variousStreptomyces spp. Scanning electron microscopy showed a significant difference between healthy and diseased tissues of the exocarp and mesocarp layers of the pod; there were no effects on the endocarp layer. The mesocarp cells of infected tissue were smaller and more compressed than those of healthy tissue. In most cases two cells under the peak of the wart were extremely large and the cells growing from them toward the surface were uneven, forming the shape of a fan. The pathogen could be isolated from the soil and rhizosphere, but in the pod it was found only in the waited tissue. The microorganisms isolated from the warts belong to different groups ofStreptomyces spp.; subsequent pathogenicity tests proved their virulence to a limited host range. In potato, these isolates ofStreptomyces spp. caused deep pitted scab; in peanuts they caused warts. Peanut seeds which developed in infected pods were free of the pathogen if the shell was undamaged. However, the pathogen is surface seedborne, and contaminated seeds during the mechanical cracking process.