Abstract
Carob is a predominantly rainfed tree crop of high nutritive value and a long history of adaptation to the edaphoclimatic stress conditions of the Mediterranean. However, declining attention to the carob tree in recent decades has aggravated genetic erosion. The extant in situ germplasm varies both in terms of pod morphology and composition, reflecting the genetic and physiological divide chiefly among grafted and non-grafted material, and possibly the impact of variable agro-environments. Accordingly, the present study aimed to establish a systematic categorization of the genetic and phenotypic diversity encountered across carob germplasm identified in situ throughout Cyprus, a historical center of production and genetic diversity for the species. Linking pod morphology, primary and secondary metabolite profiles with genotyped source material originating in different agro-environments and crop seasons would provide a framework for interpreting (a) the interaction of these factors in configuring carob pod physicochemical constitution, and (b) the relative stability of phenotypic traits against environmental and seasonal variation. Microsatellite analysis discriminated 36 genotypes out of the 124 trees located in nine traditional agro-environmental zones and revealed low genetic diversity within the grafted germplasm. Two landraces were identified: “Tillyria,” which is widespread and predominant, and “Kountourka,” which is mainly localized to the northeastern peninsula of Karpasia. Morphological traits, such as seeds-to-pod weight ratio, pod width and thickness were principally under genetic control. Contrarily, compositional traits, particularly total phenolic content—including condensed tannins, in vitro antioxidant capacity and to a lesser extent gallic acid, organic acids and minerals were under agro-environmental control. Agro-environmental zone also modulated principally fructose and glucose; sucrose was modulated equally by genotype and agro-environment, while total sugars were under genetic control. Statistically significant differences between seasons were detected for all traits except for the seeds-to-pod weight ratio, pod length and width. Hierarchical cluster analysis corroborates that Cyprus may be divided into two major agro-environmental zones modulating the compositional properties of the carob pulp. The present study provides a comprehensive insight into the extant carob genetic resources of Cyprus and advances our understanding of how genetic, agro-environmental and seasonal factors interact in shaping carob pod morphology and composition.
Highlights
IntroductionThe carob tree is an important component of the Mediterranean vegetation and it is predominately cultivated in dry and marginal areas, due to its low requirements in agronomic inputs compared to other fruit species
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an evergreen, diploid species (2n = 48) that belongs to the Fabaceae family
Ho was higher for grafted trees and the number of alleles detected was equal, while the number of private alleles and He were higher for nongrafted trees
Summary
The carob tree is an important component of the Mediterranean vegetation and it is predominately cultivated in dry and marginal areas, due to its low requirements in agronomic inputs compared to other fruit species. It is worth noting that cultivation essentially comprised naturally and randomly distributed wild rootstocks grafted with select scion phenotypes rather than systematic orchards, which only came about in recent decades (Tous et al, 2013). Grafted carob trees differ from their wild ancestors mainly in phenotypic traits such as fleshiness, size and sweetness of the pod, local adaption and productivity (Batlle and Tous, 1997; Zohary, 2002; Tous et al, 2013)
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