Abstract

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a rapidly growing area in the field of neuromodulation therapies. It is applied to treat chronic pain, peripheral vascular disease, refractory angina, painful diabetic neuropathy, incontinence, and other conditions. Future application will also address restoration of lower and upper limb mobility and other motor-related conditions. Electrical interfaces to the spinal cord are typically designed as percutaneous leads (contacts are arranged as electrically conductive segments of a cable) or as surgical (paddle) leads.

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