Abstract
Traditional assessment of pulmonary vein occlusion (PVO) during cryoballoon ablation (CBA) has included contrast injection, pressure waveform (PW) assessment and color doppler flow (CDF) on intracardiac echocardiography. A novel mapping system [Kodex (K), EPD Solutions, Philips] offers a unique tool to assess PVO based on differences in complex impedance with either a comparison with a free-floating CB baseline (BL), or with assessment of temporal impedance change after injection of non-contrast fluid [normal saline or 5% dextrose in water (D5W)].
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