Abstract
Kanji (Chinese characters adopted into the Japanese writing system) are central to two significant display challenges in Japanese electronic Clinical Outcome Assessments (eCOAs). The first is that these characters are often displayed in fonts that use Chinese strokes (e.g. MingLiu, SimSun). Although recognizable, these strokes are vastly different, and considered “incorrect” in Japanese. The second is that Furigana (phonetic aids to help understand Kanji) are often displayed as parentheticals rather than above the characters as ruby text (e.g.
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