Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae related diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children and in the elderly population. It is transmitted to other individuals through droplets and it can spread to other parts of the human host, causing a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, affecting between 10 and 100 cases per 100,000 people in Europe and the USA. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by this agent, pneumococcal vaccines have been developed over the years and have shown incredible effectiveness in reducing the spread of this bacterium and the development of related diseases, obtaining a significant reduction in mortality, especially in developing countries. However, considerable problems are emerging mainly due to the replacement phenomenon, multi-drug resistance, and the high production costs of conjugated vaccines. There is still a debate about the indications given by various countries to different age groups; this is one of the reasons for the diffusion of different serotypes. To cope with these problems, significant efforts have been made in the research field to further improve vaccination serotypes coverage. On the other hand, an equally important commitment by health care systems to all age group populations is needed to improve vaccination coverage.
Highlights
Accepted: 20 April 2021Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is a bacterium responsible for noninvasive diseases such as non-bacteremic pneumonia, otitis media, and rhinosinusitis but it can cause invasive diseases like bacteremic pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, or invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD)
This study demonstrated that the two added serotypes had higher immunogenicity when administrated separately, their efficacy in immunogenicity remained to be established when conjugated to other serotypes in a multivalent vaccine
This study demonstrated an increase in IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) and opsonophagocytic assay (OPA) geometric mean titers (GMTs) to the 20 vaccine serotypes, proving that vaccination with PCV20 elicited substantial IgG and functional bactericidal immune response
Summary
Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is a bacterium responsible for noninvasive diseases such as non-bacteremic pneumonia, otitis media, and rhinosinusitis but it can cause invasive diseases like bacteremic pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, or invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Nowadays, it remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children and the elderly population. In Europe and the United States (US), SP appears to be the most common cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP) in adults In these regions, the annual incidence of IPD ranges from 10 to 100 cases per 100,000 people [1]. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview on SP and the clinical features of SP related diseases; we want to highlight the emerging problem of the reduction in available effective therapies and the role of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in this context, its characteristics, and its effect regarding pneumonia and IPD and to give an overview on alternative strategies to face the spread of pneumococcal diseases
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