Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may lead to adverse health risks. To understand the potential sources and carcinogenic risks of PAHs in Tangshan, 40 PM2.5 samples were collected for analysis of eighteen PM2.5-bound PAHs during non-heating period and heating period. The results display a significant variation. The median concentration of ∑18PAHs during the heating period (282 ng/m3) was higher than during the non-heating period (185 ng/m3). Especially, the median concentration of Benzopyrene (BaP) during the heating period (61.6 ng/m3) was 16.9-fold that during the non-heating period (3.64 ng/m3). It exceeded BaP annual average limit of China (1 ng/m3). Diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA) both indicated that vehicle emissions and coal and biomass combustion were the dominant contributors of PAHs pollution in Tangshan. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of three age groups (children, teenagers, and adults) ranged from 2.56 × 10−6 to 5.26 × 10−5 during the entire sampling periods. The 95% risk values of adults exceeded 10−4 during the heating periods, indicating a potential health risk from PAHs.
Highlights
IntroductionParticulate matter (PM) is a key indicator of air pollution, mainly including PM10 (particles of aero-dynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) and PM2.5 (particles of aero-dynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm)
Particulate matter (PM) is a key indicator of air pollution, mainly including PM10 and PM2.5
Burden of Diseases in 2015 indicates that PM2.5 was ranked fifth among the death risk factors, and the number of deaths attributed to ambient PM2.5 was 1.1 million [1]
Summary
Particulate matter (PM) is a key indicator of air pollution, mainly including PM10 (particles of aero-dynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) and PM2.5 (particles of aero-dynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm). Burden of Diseases in 2015 indicates that PM2.5 was ranked fifth among the death risk factors, and the number of deaths attributed to ambient PM2.5 was 1.1 million [1]. Epidemiologic studies showed that exposure to PM2.5 may increase health risk of various cardiopulmonary diseases [2,3], and these adverse health effects were related to contaminants attached to PM2.5 , such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals [4]. PAHs are released from natural and anthropogenic sources [6], and it has been reported that human activities are the main source of emissions at present, including the burning of bio-organic matter, automobile exhaust emissions, and industrial emissions [7,8,9]. Increasing evidence indicates that human exposure to PAHs is positively associated with pulmonary function
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